Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures are essential tools for assessing a patient's subjective experience related to disease and health. PROs measure symptom severity and evaluate treatment efficacy across a range of conditions at a particular point in time. Although PROs focusing on esophageal symptoms and esophageal hypervigilance exist, disease-specific PROs for commonly encountered benign esophageal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), and achalasia are limited. Most GERD-specific PROs fail to address the complete spectrum of GERD presentations and those that provide daily assessment are more suited for research. Similarly, many EoE-specific PROs were designed for clinical trials. Comprehensive instruments incorporating EoE symptoms, as well as endoscopic and histologic features of active inflammation and fibrostenotic changes are needed. The psychometric properties of the Eckardt Score used for achalasia have significant limitations, stemming primarily from the dominance of dysphagia in scoring. Newer achalasia-specific PROs attempt to overcome this by capturing nuanced patient experiences. Broader symptom PROs are often used to assess esophageal symptoms across the spectrum of benign esophageal disorders, including a PRO that assesses esophageal hypervigilance and symptom-specific anxiety. Future efforts should focus on creating user-friendly PROs that comprehensively evaluate not just clinical presentation but also the disease state, which will enhance clinical symptom follow-up, quality of life assessment, and research applications. Assessments of hypervigilance and visceral anxiety will complement these applications as these measures are both a PRO and an important moderator of symptom severity and quality of life.

INTRODUCTION: Clinically relevant esophagogastric junction metrics on functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) in postfundoplication patients remain unclear.

METHODS: Sixty-three symptomatic postfundoplication patients underwent FLIP, barium esophagram, and high-resolution manometry. Logistic regressions and receiver-operating characteristic curves for distensibility index (DI) at 60 mL and maximal diameter were generated to predict impaired clearance.

RESULTS: Maximal diameter (odds ratio: 0.77, confidence interval: 0.62-0.96, P = 0.02, area under receiver-operating characteristic curve = 0.73), but not DI, independently predicted impaired clearance. Diameter >16.5 mm achieved >90% sensitivity for normal clearance; DI < 2.0 mm 2 /mm Hg and diameter <8 mm were >90% specific for impaired clearance.

DISCUSSION: Maximal diameter on postfundoplication FLIP predicts impaired clearance and discriminates better than DI.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology behind gastroesophageal reflux disease and its association with poor outcomes after lung transplantation is incompletely understood. The physiologic impact of lung transplantation on pulmonary function, intrathoracic pressures, and vagal innervation may affect esophageal motility, bolus clearance and reflux risk. However, the effect of changes in esophageal function after lung transplantation on the risk of poor post-transplant outcomes remains unclear.

AIM: To evaluate the association between change in esophageal motility pre-/post-lung transplantation and rejection outcome.

METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of lung transplant recipients who underwent both pre-and post-transplant esophageal testing including high resolution manometry (HRM) at a tertiary center. Acute cellular rejection (ACR) was defined histologically per International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation criteria. Univariate analyses were performed using student's t-test, χ 2 test, and Spearman's correlation where appropriate. Multivariable time-to-event analysis using Cox proportional hazards model was applied. Subjects not meeting ACR outcome were censored at death or date of last clinic visit.

RESULTS: 55 subjects (65% men, mean age: 61, median follow-up: 840 days) were included, with 17 (31%) experiencing ACR. Increase in failed swallows correlated with lower baseline total lung capacity (TLC) (R = -0.32, P = 0.05) and decreased post-transplant esophageal bolus clearance (R = -0.45, P = 0.004). On multivariable analysis, post-transplant hypomotility independently predicted increased ACR (HR: 3.62, 95%CI: 1.11-11.8; P = 0.03). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated increased ACR for subjects with increased vs unchanged failed swallows post-transplant (P = 0.048). On Cox regression, a 20% elevated risk of ACR was found for every 10% increase in failed swallows, after controlling for confounders including reflux severity.

CONCLUSION: Esophageal hypomotility, specifically an increase in failed swallows on HRM, from pre- to post-lung transplantation was independently associated with ACR. Additionally, lower baseline TLC correlated with increase in failed swallows, suggesting restrictive lung disease may be associated with post-transplant esophageal hypomotility. Lung transplantation may affect esophageal function and contribute to rejection outcomes. Routine esophageal function testing may help identify patients at higher risk for poor lung transplantation outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Many patients with laryngopharyngeal symptoms (LPS), chronic cough, or belching are referred to gastroenterologists for evaluation and management of GERD. We aimed to optimize a cost-effective approach to evaluating atypical GERD symptoms.

METHODS: We developed a decision analytic model comparing common strategies: (1) usual care defined by empiric PPI and endoscopy, or (2) comprehensive one-time diagnostics including endoscopy and ambulatory reflux testing to guide therapy. The model was applied to patients with LPS, belching, and chronic cough from patient and insurer perspectives. The time horizon was one year, and the willingness-to-pay threshold was set to $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained.

RESULTS: For patients with LPS, up-front testing, including pH-impedance monitoring and wireless pH monitoring, optimized cost-effectiveness by identifying patients who can convincingly stop PPI therapy ($220-301 saved to patients, ∼$3,300 saved to insurers, +0.01 QALY-gained/year). For patients with belching, up-front testing, including pH-impedance monitoring, optimized cost-effectiveness by identifying patients with supragastric belching who would benefit from diaphragmatic breathing ($3,424 saved to patients, $5,847 saved to insurers, +0.10 QALY-gained/year). For patients with cough-predominant LPS, demonstration that GERD is absent with comprehensive testing appears cost-effective from an insurers' perspective, but not necessarily from patients' perspective, and the decision can be left to the patients and providers.

CONCLUSION: Phenotyping the approach to the dominant symptom may optimize evaluating patients with atypical GERD symptoms. These conclusions are consistent with the Lyon 2.0 and San Diego consensus recommendations of treatment avenues distinct from GERD management.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease has been shown to contribute to allograft injury and rejection outcomes in lung transplantation through a proposed mechanism of aspiration, inflammation, and allograft injury. The value of pre-transplant reflux testing in predicting reduction in pulmonary function after lung transplantation is unclear. We hypothesized that increased reflux burden on pre-transplant reflux testing is associated with pulmonary function decline following lung transplant.

AIM: To assess the relationship between pre-transplant measures of reflux and pulmonary function decline in lung transplant recipients.

METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of lung transplant recipients who underwent pre-transplant reflux testing with 24-hour pH-impedance off acid suppression at a tertiary center in 2007-2016. Patients with pre-transplant fundoplication were excluded. Time-to-event analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards models to assess associations between reflux measures and reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of ≥ 20% post-transplant. Patients not meeting endpoint were censored at time of post-transplant fundoplication, last clinic visit, or death, whichever was earliest.

RESULTS: Seventy subjects (58% men, mean age: 56 years) met the inclusion criteria. Interstitial lung disease represented the predominant pulmonary diagnosis (40%). Baseline demographics were similar between groups and were not associated with pulmonary decline. The clinical endpoint (≥ 20% FEV1 decline) was reached in 18 subjects (26%). In time-to-event univariate analysis, FEV1 decline was associated with increased acid exposure time (AET) [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.49, P = 0.03] and increased proximal acid reflux (HR = 3.34, P = 0.04) with confirmation on Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariate analysis showed persistent association between pulmonary decline and increased AET (HR = 3.37, P = 0.04) when controlling for potential confounders including age, body mass index, and sex. Sub-group analysis including only patients with FEV1 decline showed that all subjects with abnormal AET progressed to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.

CONCLUSION: Increased reflux burden on pre-transplant testing was associated with significant pulmonary function decline post-transplant. Pre-transplant reflux assessment may provide clinically relevant information in the prognostication and management of transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The pattern of inflammation in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is patchy, necessitating multiple biopsies to optimize diagnostic yield. Current consensus-based guidelines recommend 6 total biopsy samples at 2 sites, distal and either middle or proximal esophagus, although this recommendation is based on limited data. We aimed to determine whether this biopsy protocol sufficiently captures EoE diagnoses by evaluating the distribution of eosinophilia in a large EoE cohort.

METHODS: This was a retrospective study of consecutive patients newly diagnosed with EoE with ≥2 esophageal segments biopsied. Demographic variables, clinical characteristics/history, endoscopic findings, and histologic results were manually reviewed. Distribution (proximal, middle, and/or distal) of eosinophilia (>15 eosinophils/high-power field [HPF]) was assessed. Predictors for non-distal disease (<15 eosinophils/HPF on distal biopsy samples) were evaluated by using multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS: A total of 511 patients newly diagnosed with EoE with ≥2 segments biopsied were included. All patients underwent distal esophageal biopsy. Overall, 286 (56.0%) had ≥1 site with <15 eosinophils/HPF, including 51 (10%) with non-distal disease. Among patients with 3 segments biopsied (n = 60), 19 (31.7%) had eosinophilia at only 1 site, including 6 (10%) with isolated midesophageal disease and no isolated proximal eosinophilia. Discordant mid and proximal biopsy results were found in 18 (30%) patients, with 17 of 18 (94.4%) having mid esophageal eosinophilia. On multivariable analysis, increasing age (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.002-1.04; P = .03) and male sex (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.002-3.55; P = .049) independently predict non-distal disease.

CONCLUSIONS: Isolated segmental eosinophilia is common in EoE, including up to 10% non-distal disease. Discordant mid and proximal biopsy findings are prevalent, with no isolated proximal eosinophilia. Standard protocol should include routine biopsies of both distal and middle esophagus to maximize diagnostic yield.

INTRODUCTION: Sleeve gastrectomy is associated with an increased incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). By contrast, the impact of endoscopic gastric remodeling (EGR) on GERD symptoms remains unclear.

METHODS: This prospective study included patients who underwent EGR and completed validated GERD-related patient-reported outcome questionnaires at baseline and 12 months postprocedure.

RESULTS: Fifty patients were included. At 12 months post-EGR, both GERD questionnaire and Reflux Symptom Index scores significantly improved. Proton-pump inhibitor use decreased from 38% at baseline to 20% at 12 months ( P = 0.047). The presence of a hiatal hernia at baseline was associated with greater symptom improvement.

DISCUSSION: EGR improves both typical and atypical GERD symptoms and reduces proton-pump inhibitor dependence. It may represent a preferable treatment option for patients with obesity and concomitant GERD.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic laryngopharyngeal symptoms (LPS) are increasingly prevalent presentations to gastroenterologists' offices, and clinicians often make a presumptive diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) based on LPS symptoms or laryngoscopic findings alone. Such presumptive diagnoses of LPRD often are incorrect, and establishing the correct diagnosis poses significant challenges for clinicians. This review addresses the timely need for advances in evaluating and managing LPS/LPRD, given their diagnostic complexity and the healthcare burden of ineffective empiric treatments.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent evidence emphasizes the diverse etiologies of LPS including LPRD, oropharyngeal or other airway pathologies, allergic conditions, and cognitive-affective processes or altered brain-larynx interaction. The diagnostic approach should be individualized and multimodal, including upfront reflux testing over empiric acid suppression trials for possible LPRD, given the poor correlation between LPS and objective evidence of reflux. Predictive models and risk stratification tools such as the COuGH RefluX score show promise to help guide testing and therapeutic strategies. Reflux testing modalities include wireless pH monitoring and impedance-based testing (traditional impedance-pH or combined hypopharyngeal-esophageal reflux monitoring). Biochemical testing for salivary pepsin may also offer adjunctive value. Management should include antireflux strategies for those with objectively-proven LPRD, alongside treatments targeting nonreflux mechanisms of LPS, such as voice therapy, neuromodulation, and behavioral therapy.

SUMMARY: An individualized, multidisciplinary approach is essential in managing LPS/LPRD. Objective reflux testing improves diagnostic accuracy, avoids unnecessary therapies, and enables tailored treatment. Future research should further refine diagnostic thresholds, validate risk stratification tools, and explore novel therapeutic targets to optimize outcomes.